Analysis of the transport of and cytotoxic effects for nalbuphine solution in corneal cells
Authors
Ronald A. Spatola, DVM, MS; Mirunalni Thangavelu, MS; Vijayasaradhi Upadhyayula, PhD; Seungsoo Lee, MS; Mitch A. Phelps, PhD; Heather L. Chandler, PhD
Institution
The Ohio State University
Country
United States
Year
2012
Journal
American J Veterinary Research
Abstract
Objective—To assess the in vitro effects of various nalbuphine concentrations on viability and wound healing ability of corneal cells and potential drug transport through the corneal epithelium. Sample—Cultured canine and human corneal epithelial cells (CECs) and cultured canine corneal stromal fibroblasts. Procedures—CECs and stromal fibroblasts were exposed to nalbuphine (concentration of solutions ranged from 0% to 1.2%) for up to 30 minutes, and viability was assessed with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. A standard scratch test technique was used. Wound healing of CECs and stromal fibroblasts was evaluated following treatment with nalbuphine solutions < 0.1%. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry– mass spectrometry analysis was used to evaluate drug transport across a monolayer and a multilayer of human CECs. Results—A progressive decrease in viability was detected in canine CECs for all nalbuphine treatment groups, whereas treatment with only 0.5% or 1.2% nalbuphine significantly reduced corneal stromal fibroblast viability, compared with results for control cells. Within 24 hours, treatment with 0.1% nalbuphine solution significantly altered the healing rate of both canine CECs and stromal fibroblasts. Continuous increases in transport rates of nalbuphine were detected with time for both the monolayer and multilayer of human CECs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In vitro, nalbuphine potentially could penetrate through corneal tissue, but it may cause damage to the corneal epithelium and stromal fibroblasts. Therefore, nalbuphine potentially may impair corneal wound healing.